Motorist.org - MAP Articles

Check Engine Light

2011-02-22 14:44:16

The check engine light is part of your vehicle's onboard diagnostics (OBD) system. Computers have control and monitor vehicle performance, regulating such variables as engine speed (RPM), fuel mixture, and ignition timing, and may even tell the automatic transmission when to shift.

When the electronic-control system finds a problem it cannot adjust, the computer turns on a yellow warning indicator and stores a trouble code in it's memory. These diagnostic trouble codes (DTC) help identify the probable source of the problem, such as a malfunctioning sensor or a misfiring engine and can be read with a scan tool or diagnostic computer. Vehicle manufacturers originally used the OBD system to help technicians pinpoint and troubleshoot malfunctions. Exactly what the OBD system looks for depends on the make, model and year of the vehicle.

The original systems varied widely in their capabilities and some did little more than check whether the various electronic sensors were hooked up and working. With the advent of the OBD II systems, required under federal laws regulating automotive emissions, automakers were required to install a more sophisticated system that, for all intents and purposes, acts like a built-in emissions monitoring station. The check engine light is reserved only for problems that may have an effect on the vehicle emissions systems.

What does it mean?

If the check engine light illuminates, it will either blink or remain constant, depending on the problem. Either way, you should have the vehicle checked by a Qualified Service Technician as soon as possible.

If the light is steady. The problem is not an emergency, but you should schedule an appointment as soon as possible.

A blinking light usually indicates a severe engine misfire allowing unburned fuel to be dumped into the exhaust system. There it can quickly raise the temperature of the catalytic converter to a point where damage is likely, requiring an expensive repair. If this occurs, you should reduce power and have the vehicle checked as soon as possible.

Today's automotive computers often try to compensate when there's a problem: so you may not notice deterioration in performance, even though your fuel mileage is suffering and your vehicle may be emitting unacceptable levels of hydrocarbons and/or other pollutants.

If the check engine light comes on:

Look for a serious problem that requires immediate attention.

Check your dashboard gauges and lights for indications of low oil pressure or overheating. These conditions mean you should pull over and shut off the engine as soon as you can find a safe place to do so.

Try tightening your gas cap.
This often solves the problem. Keep in mind that it may take several trips before the light resets. Some vehicles have a separate indicator that warns of a loose gas cap before the condition sets off the check engine light.

Reduce speed and load.
If the check engine light is blinking or you notice any serious performance problems, such as a loss of power, reduce your speed and try to reduce the load on the engine. For example, it would be a good idea to stop towing a trailer. Have the car checked as soon as possible to prevent expensive damage.

Have the code read and the problem fixed.
Take the vehicle to a professional. Some automotive parts stores will read and interpret the code for you. However, unless there is an easy solution to the problem, you should have the vehicle diagnosed by a qualified service technician directly tell what's wrong, so you have to test to find the real culprit. This is where the real meaning of codes comes into play. The only thing a code really indicates is which system or circuit to test in order to isolate the actual problem.

Each numerical code has a matching-numbered test procedure. Following that test will direct you to the problem. Each step of each test must be performed in absolute sequence. skipping steps or performing steps out of sequence could make the entire test worthless. Tests may also give you voltage, resistance, temperature, or time specifications, which are exact values. Close doesn't count.

Don't confuse the Check Engine light with the maintenance reminder or service interval light. These lights illuminate when a routine service is due. They are usually triggered by mileage, amount of fuel consumed, or some other type of vehicle-use measurement.

Things to watch for

The conditions of the battery and charging system are critical to the proper operation of the electronic control system. Both should be routinely checked by measuring cranking and engine running battery voltage
Make sure the battery rating meets at least the minimum cranking amperage (CA or CCA) requirement for your vehicle
The fan/alternator or serpentine belt on your vehicle is an integral part of the charging system. Belts should be inspected for signs of wear and proper adjustment
Loose or corroded cable ends may prevent your battery from maintaining a full state of charge

Battery, Starting & Charging System

2011-02-24 16:16:42

How the System Works

The battery, starting and charging systems are interrelated by a continual cycle of converting chemical energy to mechanical energy and then back again. The starter motor uses mechanical energy to crank the engine and once the engine is running, it's really a merry-go-round sort of relationship. The rotation of the engine drives the alternator, forcing electrical energy (current) into a battery, where it's stored as chemical energy. The chemical energy of the battery is then changed back to electrical energy when it supplies current to the starter motor and accessories. The cycle repeats itself as the engine's mechanical energy again drives the alternator to recharge the battery so it can supply more current to the starter when needed.

Maintenance Suggestions

The purpose of the battery is to supply the necessary current to the starter motor and the ignition system while cranking to start the engine. It also supplies additional current when the demand is higher than the alternator can supply and acts as an electrical reservoir.

The automotive battery, sometimes known as a lead-acid storage battery, is an electrochemical device that produces voltage and delivers current to start the vehicle. When the automobile is running the battery electrochemical action is reversed, recharging the battery, giving it many years of service.

Safer Operation

By having regular battery and starting / charging system checks every six months, you can identify many potential problems before a failure occurs. During this test your technician should check battery condition, connections and alternator output. It is also important to regularly inspect the condition of the alternator drive belt and replace if necessary. An alternator drive belt that is slipping can damage the battery.

Without a properly functioning battery and charging system, your vehicle's performance will be affected. Most modern vehicles are outfitted with computer controlled fuel delivery, ignition systems, transmissions, sensors and microprocessors that require a steady supply of controlled electricity to function properly.

WHAT IS A STARTER MOTOR?

The starter motor is a powerful electric motor, with a small gear (pinion) attached to the end. When activated, the gear meshes with a larger gear (ring), which is attached to the engine. The starter motor the engine over to start the engine. When the engine starts to spin faster than the starter, the starter automatically disengages.

Important Consumer Information

WHAT ELSE IS AFFECTED?

If the battery in your car is bad or near the end of its useful life, the alternator may not supply the required amount of alternating current (AC) to keep the vehicle operating properly. If any other components in the charging system are malfunctioning, the entire system will suffer from poor performance or system failure.

Batteries almost never fail at a good time. To prolong battery life, battery, terminals and cable ends should be kept clean and free from corrosion. The battery and starting/charging system should be periodically tested for proper performance. Many testers utilized today are able to predict when a battery is near the end of its useful life.

Things to watch for

Make sure the battery rating meets at least the minimum cranking amperage (CA or CCA)requirement for your vehicle
Even today maintenance free batteries need periodic inspection & cleaning to ensure proper operation
The fan/alternator or serpentine belt on your vehicle is an integral part of the charging system. Belts should be inspected for signs of wear and proper adjustment
Loose or corroded cable ends may prevent your battery from maintaining a full state of charge
Heat causes more damage to batteries than cold weather, but starting a vehicle in cold winter weather puts more strain on it

Braking Systems

2011-02-24 16:42:51

Preventive Maintenance

The Automotive Maintenance and Repair Association (AMRA) recommends to its members that (1) Brake fluid be tested for contamination at OEM recommended brake system inspection intervals, and (2) that a Brake fluid replacement service be performed, for most vehicles, when testing shows copper content exceeds 200 ppm. The AMRA Technical Committee reached these conclusions after extensive study of industry data, including a review of SAE Papers, US Government reports (NHTSA and NIST) and independent laboratory studies, among other resources. The data showed that this increased presence of copper contamination predetermines the rapid growth of iron contamination and corrosion which has shown to impede future brake system performance.

What is a braking system?

An automotive braking system is a group of mechanical, electronic and hydraulically activated components which use friction / heat to stop a moving vehicle.

How does a braking system work?

When the brake pedal is depressed, the pressure on the brake pedal moves a piston in the master cylinder, forcing the brake fluid from the master cylinder through the brake lines and flexible hoses to the calipers and wheel cylinders. The force applied to the brake pedal produces a proportional force on each of the pistons.

The calipers and wheel cylinders contain pistons, which are connected to a disc brake pad or brake shoe. Each output piston pushes the attached friction material against the surface of the rotor or wall of the brake drum, thus slowing down the rotation of the wheel.

When pressure on the pedal is released, the pads and shoes return to their released positions. This action forces the brake fluid back through the flexible hose and tubing to the master cylinder.

What components are in the braking system?

Disc Brakes

Disc Brakes are comprised of a disc or rotor, a caliper assembly, disc brake pads and the wheel bearings and hardware necessary to mount the components on the vehicle. The caliper is connected to the master cylinder through tubes, hoses and valves that conduct brake fluid through the system.

Drum Brakes

Drum Brakes are comprised of a drum & backing plate, a hub or axle assembly, brake shoes , wheel cylinder, wheel bearings and hardware necessary to mount these components on the vehicle. The wheel cylinder is connected to the master cylinder through tubes, hoses and valves that conduct brake fluid through the system.

Brake Fluid:

Brake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in brake applications for automobiles and light trucks. It is used to transfer force under pressure from where it is created through hydraulic lines to the braking mechanism near the wheels. Braking applications produce a lot of heat so brake fluid must have a high boiling point to remain effective and must not freeze under operating conditions. Brake fluid is also designed to protect against corrosion of the system materials it contacts, however those corrosion inhibitors deplete over time.

Excessive moisture is also an issue. MAP continues to seek additional information from brake fluid manufacturers and other technical experts to identify the point of vaporization that may seriously affect braking efficiency and safety.

Things to watch for

Scraping or grinding noise coming from the brakes
Test of Brake fluid indicates a copper content of 200 ppm or greater indicating the need for a fluid replacement
Brake pedal feels soft or spongy when the brakes pedal is depressed
Vehicle pulls to one side when the brakes are applied
Brake fluid level in master cylinder low
Brake system Warning Lamp stays illuminated

How long does it take to stop an automobile?

MPH	Reaction Time (ft)	Braking Distance (ft)	Total (ft)
15	16	12	28
25	27	32	59
30	33	47	80
45	50	104	154
55	61	155	216
70	77	252	329

Cooling System Maintenance

2011-02-24 16:48:00

It is recommended that a seven (7)-point preventative cooling system maintenance check be performed at least once every two years. Consult your vehicle owners manual for specific guidelines. This inspection is designed to identify areas that need attention, and consists of:

a visual inspection of all cooling system components, including belts and hoses
a radiator cap pressure test to check for the recommended system pressure level
a thermostat check for proper opening and closing
a pressure test to identify any external leaks to the cooling system parts; including the radiator, water pump, engine coolant passages, radiator and heater hoses and heater core
an internal leak test to check for combustion gas leakage into the cooling system
an engine cooling fan test for proper operation

Cooling System Operation

Antifreeze/Coolant

The main function of the Cooling System is to carry heat away from the engine and maintain the desired operating temperature. This is accomplished by circulating antifreeze/coolant through the engine, where heat is generated, and carrying it to the radiator to be cooled.

Modern automobiles operate in a wide variety of ambient temperatures, from well below freezing to well over 100 F. The fluid used to cool the engine must have a very low freezing point, a high boiling point, and it must have the ability to transfer heat.

An adequate amount of an antifreeze/coolant and water mixture is necessary to reduce the possibility of engine overheating and freezing, and contain additives to prevent rust and corrosion in the cooling system.

Water is one of the most effective fluids for holding heat, but water freezes at too high a temperature to be used in automobile engines alone.

The fluid used in most vehicles is a mixture of water and ethylene glycol, also known as "antifreeze" or "coolant". By adding antifreeze to water, the boiling and freezing points are improved significantly.

The temperature of the coolant can sometimes reach 250 to 275 F (121 to 135 C). Even with antifreeze added, these temperatures would boil the coolant. To prevent this, the cooling system is pressurized, which further raises the boiling point of the coolant. Most systems have around 14 to 15 pounds per square inch (psi), which raises the boiling point approximately 45 F so the coolant can endure the high temperatures produced in the engine.

Coolant Hoses

The radiator hoses and heater hoses are easily inspected by opening the hood and looking. You want to be sure that the hoses have no cracking or splitting and that there is no bulging or swelling at the ends.

If there are any signs of problems, the hose should be replaced with the correct part number for the year, make, model and engine of the vehicle.

Never use a universal hose unless it is an emergency and a proper molded hose is not available.

For either the radiator hoses or the heater hoses, make sure that you route the replacement hose in the same way that the original hose was running. Position the hose away from any obstruction that can possibly damage it and always use new hose clamps.

After the cooling system is refilled with the proper coolant mixture, a pressure test should be performed to ensure that there are no leaks.

Belts

On most older vehicles, the water pump is driven by either a V belt or serpentine belt on the front of the engine that is also responsible for driving the alternator, power steering pump and air conditioner compressor. These types of belts are easy to inspect and replace if they are worn. Check for dry cracking on the inside surface of the belt.

On newer vehicles, the water pump is often driven by the timing belt. This belt usually has a specific life expectancy at which time it must be replaced to insure that it does not fail. Since the timing belt is inside the engine and will require partial engine disassembly to inspect, it is very important to replace the timing belt at the scheduled interval.

Things to watch for

Check antifreeze/coolant level monthly. Only use a 50/50 solution of anti-freeze/coolant and water.
Water quality plays an important role in protecting the cooling system. A high mineral content may cause scaling or corrosion. Deionized or distilled water should be used in 50/50 solution
CAUTION: Do not remove the radiator pressure cap when the engine is HOT.
Inspect belts monthly. Replace belts that are worn, frayed or glazed. Adjust belts when more than 1/2 inch can be depressed between the pulleys.
Belts with spring-loaded tensioners do not require manual adjustments.
Replace bulging, rotten, or brittle hoses and tighten hose clamps. If a hose looks bad or feels too soft or too hard, it should be replaced.

Engine Oil Basics

2011-02-24 18:26:51

The primary function of engine oil is to provide lubrication to the metal surfaces inside an engine. With proper lubrication the components will not rub against each other as frequently and wearing out due to friction can be reduced.

Engine oil also cleans the engine by carrying away contaminants and harmful chemicals, the unwanted by-products of the combustion process; cools the engine by transferring heat that is generated away from the components that may be damaged with increased temperature, and improves sealing around the critical components inside the engine minimizing their exposure to oxygen. Engine oil also contains an additive package designed to counteract the acids that are a result of the combustion process.

What does it mean?

The API Certification Mark, also known as the Starburst:

An oil displaying this mark meets the current engine protection standard and fuel economy requirements of the International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC), a joint effort of U.S. and Japanese automobile manufacturers. Most automobile manufacturers recommend oils that carry the API Certification Mark.

The API Service Symbol, also known as the Donut:

1. Performance Level: Gasoline engine oil categories (for cars, vans, and light trucks with gasoline engines): Oils designed for gasoline-engine service fall under API's (Service) categories.

Diesel engine oil categories (for heavy-duty trucks and vehicles with diesel engines): Oils designed for diesel-engine service fall under API's (Commercial) categories.

2. Viscosity Grade: The measure of an oil's thickness and ability to flow at certain temperatures. Vehicle requirements may vary. Follow your vehicle manufacturer's recommendations on SAE oil viscosity grade.

3. Energy Conserving: The Energy Conserving designation applies to oils intended for gasoline-engine cars, vans, and light trucks. Widespread use of Energy Conserving oils may result in an overall savings of fuel in the vehicle fleet as a whole.

The API Service Symbol Donut with CI-4 PLUS:

Used in conjunction with API CI-4 and CJ-4, the CI-4 PLUS designation identifies oils formulated to provide a higher level of protection against soot-related viscosity increase and viscosity loss due to shear in diesel engines. Like Energy Conserving, CI-4 PLUS appears in the lower portion of the API Service Symbol Donut.

Things to watch for

Some of the motor oil components are consumed sacrificially while doing the job of protecting your engine. Foreign contaminants also accumulate in the oil.
The correct oil change interval is the one recommended by the engine manufacturer for your individual driving conditions. It is printed in the vehicle owner's manual.
Severe use typically includes stop-and-go driving, frequent high-speed driving and short trips, towing, operating in dusty conditions and operating in cold / hot weather are typically considered severe service.
You should review the severe service definition in your owner's manual to determine the proper oil drain interval

Power Steering Systems

2011-02-24 18:54:32

Preventive Maintenance

Your vehicle's power steering system is very complex and is perhaps the most overlooked of all vehicle systems requiring regular maintenance. It is an extremely complicated and sophisticated hydraulic mechanism. The system usually contains a power steering pump, steering gear & linkages, drive belts, bearings, valves, hoses and seals. Power steering is a system for reducing the steering effort on cars by using an external power source to assist in turning the wheels.

Most vehicles have power steering and the trend to front wheel drive, greater vehicle mass and wider tires means that modern vehicles would be extremely difficult to maneuver at low speeds (e.g. when parking) without assistance. Laboratory and field testing show that most Power Steering Fluids degrade measurably by 50,000 miles. Therefore, a one time exchange of power steering fluid at 50,000 miles is SUGGESTED -- if a service interval is not included in the manufacturer's maintenance schedule. Additionally, the power steering fluid should be exchanged whenever a system component (pump, hose, rack & pinion, etc.) is replaced.

Power Steering Operation

Power Steering Fluid (PSF)

Power Steering Fluid is one of the hydraulic components in power steering systems. When a fluid becomes oxidized, its resistance to flow is greater and its ability to protect components and transfer pressure is decreased. The most common failure mode of PSF is internal and external contamination. Excess contamination in fluid promotes component wear and can lead to component failures, including seals, shafts and gears.

The steering system has three major components:

(1) the steering wheel and attached shaft in the steering column, which are connected to the steering gear;

(2) the steering gear that increases the mechanical advantage while changing the rotary motion of the steering wheel to linear motion; and

(3) the steering linkage(including the tie rod and tie-rod ends) that carries the linear motion to the steering-knuckle arms.

Manual vs. Power Steering

When the only energy source for the steering system is the force that the driver applies to the steering wheel, the vehicle has manual steering.

When the driver's effort is assisted by hydraulic pressure from an electric or belt-driven pump, the vehicle has power steering.

Power steering allows manual steering to always be available, even if the engine is not running or the power-assist system fails.

How does the Steering System work?

Most power steering systems work by using a belt driven pump to provide hydraulic pressure to the system. This hydraulic pressure is generated by a rotary-vane pump which is driven by the vehicle's engine.

Low belt tension, contamination and belt vibration are common sources of belt noise. A screeching or squealing noise that occurs when pulling away from a stop normally indicates a lack of tension; check belt tension and tensioner adjustment.

As the speed of the engine increases, the pressure in the hydraulic fluid also increases. A relief valve is incorporated into the system to prevent over-pressurization in the system.

The pressure is transferred from the pump to the steering gear through high and low pressure hoses. Hoses showing obvious signs of wear such as cracks, cuts, stiffness, bulges, excessive softness or abrasions should be replaced.

Things to watch for

Do not mix size or type (all season, performance, mud and snow) of tires on the same axle
When replacing only two tires on front or rear drive vehicles, it is preferable to place the two new tires on the rear
If radial tires and non-radial tires are mixed on the same vehicle, the radials must be on the rear
Mount tires only on same or approved rim widths
Proper wheel alignment adjusts the angle of the wheels so they are positioned correctly relative to the vehicle's frame and maximizes the life of your tires
AWD & 4-WD vehicles may require the replacement of all four tires, at the same time, in order to avoid damage to drive-train components.

Service Reminder Light

2011-02-25 11:30:00

The old days of putting a small sticker on the inside of your windshield as a reminder of when your vehicle is due for an oil change are over. Many newer automobiles have a system to track the "oil life" and notify the owner when it is time for an oil change.

Some automobile manufacturers equip their vehicles with mileage or condition-based reminder systems. An on-board computer keeps track of the miles driven or engine operating conditions since the last maintenance service was performed and turns on a reminder light when the next maintenance is due. These manufacturers want their customers to be aware of the recommended oil drain interval and rely on a reminder system and the owner's manuals to provide this information.

The oil change intervals recommended by the vehicle manufacturer are also based on the use of the proper engine oil. It's vitally important that the correct type (conventional or synthetic) and grade of oil be installed . For vehicles driven minimally, the time since the last service should be used rather than the mileage recommendations.

What does it mean?

The oil and filter change is the building block of most scheduled maintenance programs. Since the oil requires replacement more frequently than any other consumable, any scheduled maintenance program or maintenance reminder system should take this into account.

Modern automotive engine lubricants serve several important functions that are essential for engine performance and longevity. These functions include lubrication of moving parts in order to reduce friction and wear and improving fuel economy

Engine lubricants must perform these functions for hundreds of hours between oil changes under a variety of operating conditions. Unfortunately, the properties of engine oil change during service, due to a number of factors such as environmental conditions, vehicle aging, severe driving conditions, as well as engine design and performance specifications.

For instance, oil change interval lengths have historically been classified as either normal or severe based upon applicable driving conditions. The definition of normal vs. severe driving may vary depending on the automobile manufacturer. Generally, normal service is defined as: Anything other than severe service. Normal driving conditions support an engine oil' ability to maintain its performance over a greater period of time and mileage.

On the other end of the spectrum, severe service conditions will cause engine oil properties to degrade more quickly. Severe service is generally defined by driving characteristics that may include: stop-and-go driving, frequent highway driving, operation in dusty conditions, cold-weather operation, hot-weather operation, short trips under 4 miles, etc.

Many vehicle manufacturers have added a Service Interval Indicator because they recognized that each vehicle is used differently-and so the need for routine maintenance is different for each vehicle.

The system continually analyzes the way the vehicle is driven, and uses this analysis to determine when service is needed, however, many of these systems do not directly measure lubricant quality. A few systems use oil condition sensors to measure a direct lubricant characteristics and determine oil change intervals. Even these systems give a limited amount of information regarding the lubricants actual condition.

Keep in mind, scheduled maintenance intervals do not address the problem of premature lubrication failure, which can result from the presence of engine coolant or fuel in the oil. A software based maintenance reminder system can go only so far, because it may not directly measure the condition of the oil or detect the presence of contamination.

Resetting mileage-based maintenance reminder systems is usually pretty straightforward and should not require special tools.

Some early reminder systems, had a small slot in the dash and Inserting the ignition key in the slot reset the system and turned out the light.

Since most of the instrument/control panels are now electronic rather than mechanical, reset procedures usually involve a combination of a reset button and the ignition switch.

Severe Driving Conditions

Trips of less than four miles are one of the most frequent and severe types of driving. Short trips, with many stops and starts (particularly in cold weather), do not allow engines to reach normal operating temperatures which may cause moisture to accumulate in the crankcase.
Frequent idling for long periods of time, such as stop-and-go driving in heavy traffic, or sustained highway driving in hot weather, can make it essential to change the engine oil and oil filter at 3,500 mile or three-month intervals.
Although the base oil does not usually wear out, the oil additives do, and unless they are replenished, the oil cannot properly function and harmful contaminants may accumulate in the crankcase.
Oil change recommendations are not retroactive and do not alter the recommendations for earlier model cars. Applying such schedules to older cars could lead to serious problems.

Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS)

2011-02-25 11:30:46

How the System Works

A typical TPMS (Tire Pressure Monitoring System) monitors the air pressure in the tires with a wheel mounted sensor. This type of TPMS can detect actual pressure levels and transmit the information to the driver more quickly. Tires are monitored individually by sensors attached to a special tire valve, or strapped to the drop center of each wheel. Each sensor monitors and transmits tire pressure and temperature every few minutes. The temperature is monitored to compensate for cold and warm pressure variations. In order to reduce battery consumption, the sensors revert to a "sleep" mode when the vehicle is parked or not moving. During this "sleep mode," sensors may only activate and transmit signals about every 45 minutes, if at all.

One of the best ways to keep the TPMS system operating properly is to follow the recommendations outlined in your vehicle's owners manual.

Always keep your tires inflated to the pressures indicated on the tire placard. The placard is located on the door jamb or in the glove box. This will allow the tires to perform efficiently. The tires should be rotated as outlined in your owners manual every 7,500 miles or every other oil change.

Proper tire inflation is essential for safe and efficient vehicle operation. Safety experts estimate that 25 percent of passenger vehicles are operated with tires that are under inflated. Vehicles with properly inflated tires experience optimum ride and handling characteristics, shorter braking distances, longer tire life, and improved fuel economy.

SAFER OPERATION

When the TPMS warning lamp on the instrument panel illuminates while driving, it means that the system has detected at least one tire with a pressure below the accepted minimum psi for the vehicle. The tires should be inspected and the tire pressure checked as soon as possible. In most cases, the lamp will extinguish after the tires are properly inflated and the vehicle has been driven at moderate speed and distance.

WHAT ELSE IS AFFECTED?

There is a close working relationship between your tires and other mechanical systems in your vehicle, such as the wheels, brakes, shock absorbers, steering and suspension systems.

Any service procedure requiring the removal of the wheels may require that the TPMS system be reset, or recalibrated, depending on the type of system the vehicle uses.

IMPORTANT CONSUMER INFORMATION

WHEN TIRES ARE SERVICED

When reinstalling the sensor, it is suggested that the locknut, gasket and valve core be replaced and torqued to the proper specification. It is also necessary to use the proper valve cap as it is also an integral part of the system.

It may be necessary to reprogram the TPMS when the tires are rotated, when a new sensor is installed, or after the vehicle loses power. This usually requires a reset tool and may involve the use of a special magnet and scan tool. Refer to the vehicle service manual to properly reprogram the TPMS.

Decoding Tire Information:

Things to watch for

Tire tread depth measures 2/32nds of an inch or less means replace tires
The correct pressure for your tires is the pressure listed on the Placard, NOT what is listed on the tire itself
Tire pressures should be checked (cold) on a regular basis. A cold tire is one that has been driven for less than one (1) mile.
With radial tires, it is usually not possible to determine under inflation by visual inspection
Proper wheel alignment adjusts the angle of the wheels so they are positioned correctly relative to the vehicle's frame and maximizes the life of your tires

Tire Repair & Service Tips

2011-02-25 11:32:29

Tire Replacement

When replacing tires, MAP and vehicle manufacturers suggest that the replacement tires match or exceed the OEM speed and load rating designation. If tires of different speed rating designations are mixed on the same vehicle, the tires may vary in handling characteristics. Do not mix different speed rating designations on the same axle. It is particularly important to match all tire sizes and constructions on 4-wheel (4x4) and all-wheel (AWD) drive vehicles unless otherwise specified by vehicle manufacturer. Ideally, all four tires should be replaced at the same time. Some vehicle manufacturers restrict replacement of tires to specific brands, types, or sizes.

When replacing fewer than ALL 4 tires on a vehicle, follow the vehicle manufacturer's recommendations as to the placement of the new tires. If it is not possible to follow the vehicle manufacturer's tire replacement recommendations, remember to replace tires on the same axle with the same size, construction, speed rating, and, if possible, similar tread pattern and put the two new tires on the rear.

Frequent inspection of your tires for signs of damage and general condition is important for safety. Impacts, penetrations, cracks, knots, bulges or air loss always require tire removal and expert inspection. Never perform a temporary repair or use an inner-tube as a substitute for a proper repair. Only qualified persons should repair tires.

Speed-rated tires will no longer maintain their speed ratings once a repair is made.

Proper Tire Repair

Must be made between the tread shoulders, up to a 1/4" diameter or less straight-through puncture, with no run low, run flat, cutting, cracking, separation or other damage.
Must fill the injury. (Example - vulcanized rubber plug or patch-plug combination.)
Must also seal the inner-liner. (Example - cemented patch or patch-plug combination.)
Must be done from the inside of the tire. (This also insures that the damaged tire is thoroughly inspected for secondary damage to the inner-liner and plies.)
Must conform to the repair kit manufacturer's instructions. ("String" or fabric-based plugs are not recommended.) Must not be injected or inserted from the outside of the mounted tire.
Must NOT employ a tube or sealant.

Punctures

Any puncture or injury to a tire's tread area obviously affects performance and safety. Proper repair is critical. The puncture must be repaired on both the inside and the outside of the tire. Because all parts of a tire are engineered to function as a single unit, any repair must take that into consideration. Only small, straight-through 1/4" diameter or less punctures in the tread area may be repairable, if no secondary damage has occurred.

NOTE: A tire repair can be properly made only if the tire is removed from the rim; a thorough internal inspection is carried out; and the repair is made from the inside out.

Only specially trained Technicians are qualified to repair a tire.

Do not attempt to repair it yourself.

Tires with the following conditions CAN NOT be repaired!

Bead Damage
Sidewall Impact Break
Run Flat Damage

Tires with an existing improper repair CAN NOT be repaired and must be scrapped.

These conditions include:
1. Patch or Plug only repair.
2. More than two (2) existing repairs.
3. Use of an inner tube to substitute for an improper repair.
4. Use of Inflator/sealer or Tire Mobility Kits.

Some run-flat technology tires can not be repaired. Consult the tire manufacturer for their repair policy and if applicable, their recommended repair procedures

Things to watch for

Do not mix size or type (all season, performance, mud and snow) of tires on the same axle
When replacing only two tires on front or rear drive vehicles, it is preferable to place the two new tires on the rear
If radial tires and non-radial tires are mixed on the same vehicle, the radials must be on the rear
Mount tires only on same or approved rim widths
Proper wheel alignment adjusts the angle of the wheels so they are positioned correctly relative to the vehicle's frame and maximizes the life of your tires

Tire Rotation & Service Tips

2011-03-22 16:54:16

Preventive Maintenance

Why Rotate the Tires?

The front tires on most vehicles tend to wear out faster than the rear tires. This is due to the effects of steering the vehicle and the weight transfer that occurs during braking. To ensure that all four tires wear evenly, it is important to rotate them on a regular basis. Tire rotation helps maintain balanced handling because it allows all four tires to wear at the same rate. Keep in mind, as tire wear reduces tread depth, it increases the tires' response to driver inputs. Consequently, by equalizing tire wear at all four corners, dry road performance is actually enhanced.

Another advantage of regular rotation is that it allows the tires to be replaced in complete sets rather than in pairs. This maintains handling continuity. It also enables drivers to take advantage of the latest in tire technology, instead of trying to match a pair of older tires.

How often should they be rotated?

Most manufacturers list rotation intervals in the scheduled maintenance section of the vehicle service manual and/or the owner's manual. Tire rotation patterns can also be found there. If this information is unavailable for a particular vehicle, rotate the tires every 6 months or 7,500 miles following the appropriate rotation sequence shown in the illustrations. After completing a tire rotation, be sure to reset inflation pressures to the manufacturer's recommended specifications indicated on the vehicle tire placard.

It may also be necessary to reset the Tire Pressure Monitoring System on some newer vehicles.

Tire rotation will not correct irregular wear, wheel alignment or worn suspension components. If these conditions exist, an inspection should be performed to identify the repairs necessary to correct the problem.

Vehicle Tire Placard

Since 1968, cars and light trucks sold in the United States have been required to have a tire information sticker, called a vehicle tire placard.

The vehicle tire placard indicates the size of the original equipment tires (including the spare), cold inflation pressure for the tires on both axles as well as the spare, and load index or range. Depending on the vehicle, the vehicle tire placard will either be located on the edge of any door, the doorpost, glove box, fuel door or inside trunk lid.

If the tire placard is missing, consult the owner's manual, vehicle manufacturer, or tire manufacturer regarding applicable tire information. Always refer to the vehicle manufacturer's recommendations before replacing tires.

Tires should always be replaced with the same size designation, or approved options, as recommended. Never choose a smaller size with less load carrying capacity than the size on the tire placard.

NOTE: It is not always possible to select a replacement tire with exactly the same size as shown on the placard. Consult with a vehicle or tire manufacturer for replacement recommendations.

(Some vehicle manufacturers require different-sized tires for either the front or rear axles.)

Things to watch for

Do not mix size or type (all season, performance, mud and snow) of tires on the same axle
When replacing only two tires on front or rear drive vehicles, it is preferable to place the two new tires on the rear
If radial tires and non-radial tires are mixed on the same vehicle, the radials must be on the rear
Mount tires only on same or approved rim widths
Proper wheel alignment adjusts the angle of the wheels so they are positioned correctly relative to the vehicle's frame and maximizes the life of your tires

How to Pick an Auto Repair Shop

2011-04-14 14:48:03

Finding a good, reputable automotive maintenance or repair shop used to be a shot-in-the-dark proposition. That was before the Motorist Assurance Program (MAP) was formed. Now, consumers can tap into a list of more than 10,000 MAP participating shops around the U.S.

MAP was formed in June 1992 by a group of service providers, manufacturers, associations and others who were concerned about the reputation of the automotive repair industry. The organization works to strengthen communication and trust between the industry and its customers. MAP is improving the relationship between the motorist and the automotive service and repair industry through education of both the motorist and service provider, and through the creation of industry standards.

MAP has also established relationships with many consumer groups and regulatory agencies, including the American Association of Retired Persons, American Automobile Association, Canadian Automotive Repair and Service Council, Car Care Council, Consumer Information Center, Council of Better Business Bureaus, National Association of Attorneys General, members of the National Association of Consumer
Agency Administrators, National Association of Consumer Protection Investigators and the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence.

MAP realizes that most people like to take their car in for service and repairs about as much as they like getting a root canal! Often consumers feel uncertain, overwhelmed, and distrustful when they arrive at a shop.

The reasons consumers dislike service facilities vary. Expected poor service, confusing explanations, inconsistent diagnoses of a problem from one shop to another, differing prices, general fear and distrust arising from ignorance of what the vehicle needs all of these problems and more can contribute to consumers' car-care wariness.

MAP is dedicated to helping the automotive service and repair industry communicate more effectively and consistently with consumers. Both the shop and the consumer will get off to a better start if they share a common road map to the customer's car, something each could follow to help prevent misunderstandings.

MAP-accredited shops use such a road map: the Uniform Inspection & Communication Standards developed over the past several years through MAP by the industry. The standards give the shop a customer communication/education tool to use before proceeding with any work. Service staff can review the industry standards with the consumer and give him or her a copy of the MAP-required written estimate, which explains in clear language what will be done to the vehicle and why.

All MAP-participating shops use the same guidelines and materials. This assures consumers they'll get consistent service and repair recommendations, based on the uniform industry standards, from any MAP-participating shop.

Locating Participating Shops

How can consumers locate MAP participating shops? The easiest route is via the Internet. MAP's web site is at http://www.motorist.org. Consumers without Internet access can either call MAP at 703-538-3557, or request a list of shops via the mail by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to: Motorist Assurance Program, 201 Park Washington Court, Falls Church, VA 22046.

How to Talk with an Auto Repair Technician

2011-04-14 14:53:47

How many times have you hesitated to bring your car into a shop because you were not sure it would be fixed the way you wanted? Maybe you we're worried that the technician would be argumentative, evasive, incompetent ...or simply too busy to spend time with you.

"Many consumers are apprehensive about bringing their vehicle into a shop", said Lawrence Hecker, president of the non-profit Motorist Assurance Program. They worry about trying to communicate clearly with technicians or other shop personnel, and they're afraid their vehicle won't get the attention it deserves.

Fortunately for consumers, the automotive maintenance and repair industry is worried about all of that, too! Plus, as vehicles have become more complex, the need for clear communication has become all the more important. To help address this challenge, a growing number of auto repair companies and shops have signed on with the Motorist Assurance Program (MAP).

MAP brought industry experts, consumer advisers, and others together to develop Uniform Inspection & Communication Standards covering all the major systems in a vehicle.

MAP's Uniform Inspection & Communication Standards (UICS) help customers and technicians communicate clearly about a vehicle's problems and the options for fixing those problems. Each set of standards outlines what's suggested or required for any given problem.

Facilities that agree in writing to follow the MAP UIC's can become MAP Participants.

Consumers can follow a few simple steps to make the most of their visit to a shop...whether it's a MAP-Participant or not.

1. Before calling or going to a shop, take five minutes to write down in your own words what your vehicle is doing (or not doing). Make a note of every detail. Is your car making a noise? Describe the noise. Where does it seem to be coming from? Is the car feeling sluggish? When, how often, under what conditions? Ask yourself a lot of detailed questions. Ideally, jot these observations down right after you notice them (but not while you're trying to drive, of course!).

2. With your notes in hand, visit the shop of your choice. If it's a MAP-accredited shop, the technician will have a copy of MAP's Uniform Inspection & Communication Standards handy, which will help guide the diagnosis. Either way, make sure the technician or customer service rep is giving you his or her full attention before you try to describe what's happening with your vehicle. Shops are often busy, but that's no excuse for poor service. Don't leave your car in the hands of a technician until:

a. you're satisfied he/she has heard you out;

b. you and the technician have agreed on a course of action; and

c. you have received a completed written inspection form and repair estimate.

3 . Once you've done your part in describing your vehicle's problem as clearly as possible, ask questions. No good technician will simply listen to your description of a problem and say, "Ok, I'll fix it." Ask the technician or customer service rep for their recommendations as to what is required vs. suggested to be repaired or replaced. The shop may charge for a diagnosis. That's money well spent, so the technician can pinpoint the problem(s).

Ask questions like:

What would cause such a condition?
What industry standards guide service on that vehicle system?
Can the problem be "repaired" or will it require "replacement" of parts?
How is the repair performed, in general terms?
Could the repair process itself affect other vehicle components (for example, will belts or hoses have to be disconnected or replaced as part of the repair)?
How long will it take?

Never be afraid to ask questions. As the saying goes, the only dumb question is the one that wasn't asked!

Get Satisfaction from an Auto Repair Shop!

2011-04-14 14:58:17

You climb into your car with a sense of relief and elation after the repair shop says, "Here are the keys...you're all set". Half way out of the driveway you realize something's not right. "Hey, it's still making that funny noise! What's going on here?" Of course, most shops do good work, but now and then you run into a problem. What do you do?

"Most people get so mad, they want to call their mayor, their state attorney general, and their member of Congress to somehow stick it to the shop" observed Barry Soltz, president of the nonprofit Motorist Assurance Program (MAP). "Unfortunately, those are all the wrong people to talk with, at least at first."

The first place to complain: the shop itself. "If you have a problem or you're not satisfied, first go back and talk with the shop technician," advised Soltz. "If that doesn't resolve the situation, talk with the manager. He or she can resolve most problems."

For situations that remain unresolved after a conversation with shop personnel, Soltz suggests going to the company headquarters, assuming it's a national or regional firm. Most have toll-free numbers to facilitate customer contacts. They're available at the store, or on your receipt. If it's an Independent Shop, contact the owner.

"Solving the complaint within the company is the quickest, easiest route," Soltz explained. "Ultimately, it's the company who has to make good on the deal, so if a consumer goes outside to complain initially, the company doesn't have a full opportunity to use its own (usually effective) system for resolving customer complaints. They don't want to lose a customer's business, and they do want to be alerted to problems at a shop that could affect other consumers."

All of that makes sense, but what if Murphy's Law strikes and the company ignores you or otherwise really bungles things? "Worst case, go to the Better Business Bureau (BBB) or the consumer affairs department of your local government," advised Soltz. "The BBB has a consumer mediation and arbitration process that usually succeeds in bringing both sides together for a satisfactory ending."

Also, check to see if the shop participates in the Motorist Assurance Program. MAP-participating shops are generally less likely to have serious disputes, thanks to their use of MAP's Uniform Inspection & Communication Standards.

What about taking your complaint to the media? "Not always a helpful idea," Soltz counseled. "It may feel good to vent your spleen via the airwaves, but our experience has shown that such cases often delay the process." When working with a shop to reach satisfaction, stay calm, level-headed, and clear about the problem.

Speak to the person with the know-how to solve your problem...or the authority to see that it is resolved expeditiously. Don't become irate or unreasonably demanding, despite the frustration of the moment, since doing so will often prevent constructive communication and make the situation all the more difficult to resolve. Try to stay focused on reaching a solution, and make clear to the shop that you expect the same focus in return.

"Most auto repair shops really are honest and want to do right by consumers," said Soltz. "Savvy consumers know they're in the driver's seat and work with the company to get their needs met whenever possible."

Building Consumer Trust & Confidence

2011-04-14 15:06:40

Most people like to take their car in for service and repairs about as much as they like getting a root canal! Often consumers feel uncertain, overwhelmed, and distrustful when they arrive at a shop.

The reasons consumers dislike service facilities vary. Expected poor service, confusing explanations, inconsistent diagnoses of a problem from one shop to another, differing prices, general fear and distrust arising from ignorance of what the vehicle needs. All of these problems and more can contribute to consumers' car-care wariness.

The Motorist Assurance Program (MAP) is dedicated to helping the automotive service and repair industry cultivate consumer trust. Both the shop and the consumer will get off to a better start, MAP believes, if they share a common road map to the customer' car, something each could follow to help prevent misunderstandings.

MAP participants have such a road map: the Uniform Inspection & Communication Standards developed through MAP by the industry. The guidelines give the shop a customer relations/education tool to use before proceeding with any work. Service staff can review the guidelines with the consumer and give him or her a copy of the MAP required estimate, which explains in clear language what will be done to the vehicle and why.

Since the shop and the consumer are now following the same industry-developed road map, the consumer can have more confidence in the technician's identification of any problems and recommended solutions. Customers will have information that will help them ask questions...and understand the answers.

MAP facilities know how important trust is in working with the public. Participating in MAP shows that the shop respects the customer enough to communicate clearly and honestly about any work a vehicle requires, or may require in the future.

All MAP service providers use the very same guidelines and materials. This allows a shop to assure consumers they'll get consistent service and repair recommendations, based on the uniform industry guidelines, from any MAP participant.

MAP isn't some kind of PR ploy meant to paper over problems and get the customer to feel good about shops. Rather, MAP helps service center staff communicate more clearly with customers and it helps each customer become a more educated consumer of car care services.

MAP developed standards of service for shops to follow in communicating with customers. Written from the point of view of maintenance and repair shops, the standards expand on the ideas and promises established in MAP's Pledge to Customers.

1. MAP's recommendations are based upon the following definitions:

System Failure - Parts/system indicated are out of manufacturers' specifications, have failed or are unable to perform their normal function as intended or designed by the manufacturers. Service or replacement is required

Preventive/Scheduled Maintenance - Parts/system are scheduled for service/replacement per industry standards or are near the end of their useful life and repair/replacement is recommended in advance of parts/system failure. Service or replacement is suggested.

Improved System Performance - Parts/system indicated are recommended for repair/replacement to enhance/improve the vehicle's ability to perform as intended or designed by the manufacturer, or as requested by the customer. Service or replacement is suggested.

2. Training/Criteria
Shop personnel have acquired auto repair expertise through formal education or work experience. Where appropriate, personnel are moving toward certification (e.g. vehicle manufacturer, ASE, etc.) for the services performed. Continuing education is supported by all MAP participants.

3. Appropriate Company Approved Inspection
Shop will perform an appropriate inspection based on MAP Uniform Inspection & Communication Standards.

4. Written Estimates
Written estimates based on inspection, in compliance with state and local regulations, will include parts (dollar amount), labor (dollar amount), and the total estimate.

5. Work Authorization
No work will be performed without the customer's prior approval.

6. Limited Warranty
Shop offers a minimum limited warranty for 90 days or 4,000 miles, whichever comes first, covering parts and labor.

7. Returned Parts
All customers will be entitled to the return of old parts, or if they choose, they may examine the parts prior to leaving the store. Where failed parts are required to be returned to the manufacturer in order to honor the warranty, the customer will be allowed to examine the parts.

8. Classification of Parts
Replaced parts will be identified as new, re-manufactured, rebuilt or used. MAP participants will inform the customer and indicate on the estimate and invoice whether a part is new, re-manufactured, rebuilt or used.

How Often Should I Replace My Oil?

2011-05-31 19:39:07

When asked, you may hear answers such as every 3000, 5000 or 7500 miles, or when the vehicle's oil monitor indicates that this service is necessary. It is no wonder consumers are confused. The simplest answer... well, there is no simple answer! In fact, there is no interval that applies to most vehicles.

AMRA/MAP has been examining this question for some time. Read on to find out what we feel every motorist needs to know about this subject.

The engine serves as the heart of your vehicle, so changing its oil based on the manufacturer's recommendation is perhaps the single most important thing that you can do to keep your vehicle's engine running longer. However, you must read these recommendations closely to determine the correct interval; the interval that matches your vehicle's operating conditions and your driving habits.

The Normal interval listed in the owner's manual applies to vehicles driven under ideal conditions. While you may consider your driving habits and operating conditions quite normal, read the fine print. Some exceptions to Normal driving include:

Frequent short trips (less than 10 miles, especially during cold weather)
Stop-and-go city traffic driving
Driving in dusty conditions, on gravel roads, etc.
Driving at sustained highway speeds during hot weather
Towing use
Diesel or turbocharged engine

These conditions commonly appear in the description of severe service driving.

AMRA/MAP advises that you read your owner's manual to locate the correct interval.

Although each manufacturer offers different intervals and descriptions, you may find that the proper interval for your vehicle and driving conditions could fall somewhere between 3500 and 5000 miles. What about the 3000 mile oil change myth?

Is that wasting natural resources?

Consider these facts:

Oil requires complex additives and detergents to help prevent corrosion and sludge buildup
Additives allow oil to flow freely at extremely cold temperatures while also providing protection under extremely hot temperatures
Testing shows that aer 3000 miles the oil itself still lubricates, but the depletion of critical additives may no longer allow the oil to offer the same protec.on and benefits
Longer intervals may benefit the environment, but perhaps at the expense of engine life
Re-refined oils offer an alternative for motorists with concerns about the environment
Re-refined oils use the remaining lubricating qualities of used oil, and replenish the depleted additives to create oils that meet the quality of new oil

Proper Maintenance Helps Extend Vehicle Life!

Your driving type or vehicle usage may affect the maintenance intervals below.

You should follow the manufacturer's service schedule that best matches your vehicle's operating conditions.

Those recommendations may include:

Change your engine oil at the vehicle manufacturer's recommended service interval that matches your vehicle's operating conditions and your driving habits
Check your tire inflation pressure monthly
Rotate your tires at the vehicle manufacturer's recommended service interval or every 6 months/15,000 miles
Change the engine air filter annually or when visibly restricted.
Inspect Brake System every 12 months/15,000 miles

What's Really Stopping You?

2011-07-27 12:51:05

Get a Free Inspection During Brake Safety Week and Avoid Unwanted Surprises!

Do you, like many vehicle owners, wait for your brakes to start grinding or the brake pedal to feel "soft" before heading to an automotive service shop for a "brake job?" There's no better time to check the condition of your vehicle's complete braking system than during MAP Brake Safety Awareness Week, Aug. 20-28, 2011.

Throughout this event, the nation's leading consumer auto service non-profit organization - the Motorist Assurance Program (MAP) - wants you to stop at any MAP participating repair shop for a free brake and related undercar inspection. There's no better way to ensure that your vehicle's braking and other undercar systems are working properly before heading into the fall and winter driving seasons.

"For very obvious reasons, it's important to make sure your brake system is working correctly and that all system components still have plenty of service life to ensure trouble-free performance," said MAP President Barry Soltz. "Plus, it's important to know what to look out for when it comes to brake components and other undercar parts that periodically wear out. Many vehicles require service that the average person wouldn't be able to detect from daily driving, making it even more critical to perform periodic safety inspections."

During Brake Safety Awareness Week, participating shops will offer free inspections, educate vehicle owners regarding key under-car systems, provide complimentary automotive troubleshooting materials, and answer consumers' preventative maintenance questions. Look for a repair facility prominently displaying its "Motorist Assurance Program" decal near their entrance or customer waiting area, or find participating stores in your area on the MAP website.

MAP, a non-profit program created by concerned automotive business owners, manufacturers and associations, requires all of its participating shops to adhere to a strict set of fact-based vehicle inspection and communication standards. MAP establishes criteria not only for recommending replacement of worn parts and other products, but also how these recommendations are communicated to the vehicle owner.

Let's talk a little bit about Brakes

At 30 mph it takes 80 feet for a properly operating brake system to stop your car.
People should especially consider their stopping ability when driving.
Drivers who "tailgate" are putting themselves and others in danger if they do not have properly working brake systems. Especially if it takes 80 feet for a properly operating brake system to stop a vehicle traveling at 30 mph!
Many drivers do not properly use their turn signals to indicate lane changes and exits. The absence of such signals may cause you to rely on your brake system to avoid an accident. You cannot always predict other vehicle's driving.
Taking care of your brakes is a critical part of keeping your vehicle safe and running smoothly. Keeping your brakes in good working order can prevent more costly repairs down the line.
Braking systems on all vehicles are complicated and contain many parts, all of which need periodic inspection and attention to ensure proper operation and performance.
Many parts of the brake system are high-wear items that need replacing or maintenance every few years.
When you step on the brake, your car transmits a force from your foot to the brakes through a fluid that commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion.
The braking system can exert as much as 1,000 pounds of hydraulic pressure on each of the four brakes.

How do you know your brakes need to be checked or replaced?

You can look at your brake pads for any visible wear. Look through the spaces between the wheel's spokes. The outside pad will be pressed against a metal rotor. Generally, there should be at least 2/32 inch of a pad. If there is less than 3/32 inch of a pad, you may want to have your pads inspected or replaced.
There are many warning signs that your brakes need to be checked. If you have experience any of the following, it is important that you get your brakes checked today!
Brakes are not as responsive as they should be.
The feel of the brake pedal is low, spongy or soft. Too high or hard. Or the pedal pulses or hops.
Wheels lock during braking.
Brake pull, meaning that the car that pulls to one side during braking.
Brakes squeal or make a grinding noise.
Steering wheel vibrates, shimmies or pulses during braking.
And one of the most noticeable signs is that the brake warning light is on. Don't ignore this warning sign!